PROGRAM – BCA - SEMESTER - 4
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - BCA4010, COMPUTER NETWORKING
1. What is OSI model? Explain all
its layers with diagram.
OSI model:
Before 1990’s
data communication model
had been used,
in 1990’s open system
Interconnection (OSI) was
used. Later TCP/
Ip protocol suit
has been developed such
that it was
easy to use
and efficient to
other. Established in 1947,
the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement
on International standards. An
ISO standard that
covers all aspects
of network communications is the
OSI model, which was first introduced in 1970s. Open System: A set of protocols that allows any two
different systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture.
Purpose of OSI
Model: It shows how to facilitate
communication between different
systems without requiring
changes to the
logic of underlying hardware and software.
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2. What is Message and Packet switching?
Message switching
Message switching was
the precursor of packet switching, where messages were routed in their entirety
and one hop at a time. It was first introduced by Leonard Kleinrock
in 1961. Message
switching systems are
nowadays mostly implemented over packet-switched or circuit-switched
data networks. Hop-by-hop Telex forwarding are examples of message switching
systems. E-mail is another example of a message switching system. When this
form of switching is used, no physical path is established in advance in
between sender and receiver.
Instead, when the
sender has a
block of data
to be sent, it is stored in the
first switching office (i.e. router) then forwarded later at one hop at a time.
Each block
is received in its entity
form, inspected for
errors and then forwarded or re-transmitted. It is a
form of store-and-forward network. Data is transmitted into the network and
stored
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3. What is Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request? Briefly explain.
Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request
This protocol
adds a simple
error control mechanism
to the stop-and-wait protocol. To
detect and correct
corrupted frames, we
need to add redundancy bits to our data frame. When
the frame arrives at the receiver site, it is checked and if it is corrupted,
it is silently discarded. The detection of errors in this protocol is
manifested by the silence of the receiver. Lost frames are more difficult to
handle than corrupted ones. The corrupted and lost frames
need to be
resent in this
protocol. If the
receiver does not respond when there is an error, how can
the sender know which frame to
resend? To remedy
this problem, the
sender keeps a
copy of the
sent frame. At the same time it starts a timer. If the timer expires and there is no acknowledgement
for the sent frame, the frame is
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4. What is the role of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPV4) in addressing
and routing packets between hosts? Briefly explain the structure of an IPV4
packet.
Role of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPV4)
IPV4 is a
datagram protocol primarily responsible for addressing and routin g
packets between hosts.
IPV4 is connectionless, which
means that it
does not establish a
connection before exchanging
data, and unreliable,
which means that it
does not guarantee
packet delivery. IPV4
always makes a “best
effort” attempt to
deliver a packet.
An IPV4 packet
might be lost, delivered out of sequence, duplicated,
or delayed. IPV4 does not attempt to
recover from these types of errors. A higher-layer protocol, such as TCP or
an application protocol,
must acknowledge delivered
packets and recover lost packets if needed. IPV4 is
defined in RFC 791. An IPV4 packet consists of an IPV4 header and an IPV4 payload. An IPV4 payload, in turn, consists of an
upper layer protocol
data unit,
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5. Discuss about different DNS Resource Record Types.
Resource Record Types
The DNS
standards define many
types of resource
records. The most commonly used resource records are the
following:
• SOA:
Identifies the start of a zone of authority. Every zone contains an
SOA resource record
at the beginning
of the zone
file, which stores information about the zone, configures
replication behavior, and sets the default TTL for names in the zone.
• A: Maps an FQDN to an IPv4 address.
• AAAA: Maps an FQDN to an IPv6 address.
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6. Briefly explain five parts of Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
Electronic mail
is probably the
most widely used
TCP/IP application. However, SMTP
is limited to 7-bit ASCII text, with a maximum line length of 1000 characters.
This results in a number of limitations, including:
• SMTP cannot transmit executable files or
other binary objects. There are ad hoc methods of encapsulating binary items in
SMTP mail items, such as:
– Encoding the file as pure hexadecimal
– The UNIX uuencode and uudecode utilities,
used to encode binary data in the UNIX-to-UNIX Copy (UUCP) mailing system
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SUBJECT CODE & NAME - BCA 4020 - JAVA PROGRAMMING
1. Explain any five features of
Java.
Features of Java
Below are the features
of Java
(1) Simple
: - Java was designed to be easy for the professional programmer to
learn and use effectively. Assuming that you have some programming experience,
you will not find
Java hard to
master. If you
already understand the
basic concepts of object-oriented programming, learning Java will be
even easier. Best of all, if you are an experienced C++ programmer, moving to
Java will require very little effort. Because Java inherits the C/C++ syntax
and many of the object-oriented features of C++, most programmers have little
trouble learning Java. Also,
some of the
more confusing concepts
from C++ are either
left out of
Java or implemented
in a cleaner,
more approachable manner. Beyond
its similarities with C/C++, Java has another attribute that makes it easy to
learn: it makes an effort not
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2. Describe main () method in
Java. What are the rules for writing a
main () method?
The main() Method
In a
Java application, you
may have many
classes. Within those classes, you
may have many
methods. The method that you
need to execute first should be the main() method.
Syntax for the main()
method:
public static void
main(String args[])
{
}
The main () method
should exist in a class that is declared as public.
A Java application
(like DateApp in the code listed above) must contain a main() method whose
signature looks like this
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3. Differentiate between packages
and Interfaces.
Packages
To create a package is
quite easy: simply include a package command as the first statement in a Java
source file. Any classes declared within that file will belong
to the specified
package. The package
statement defines a name space in which classes are stored. If
you omit the package statement, the class names are put into the default
package, which has no name. (This is
why you haven't
had to worry
about packages before
now.) While the default package is fine for short,
sample programs, it is inadequate for
real applications. Most of the time, you will define a package for your code.
This is the general form of the package statement: package pkg;
Here, pkg
is the name of the package. For example, the following statement creates a
package called
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4. What are
Applets? What are
the restrictions of
Applets? Describe about applet
class.
Applets : -
An applet
is a Java
program that can
be embedded in
a web page. Java applications are
run by using
a Java interpreter.
Applets are run on any browser
that supports Java.
Applets can also
be tested using
the appletviewer tool included in
the Java Development Kit. In order to run an applet it must be included in a
web page, using HTML tags. When a user browses
a web server
and it runs
applets on the
user’s system.
Applets have certain restrictions put on them :
·
They can not read or write files on the user’s
system.
·
They can not load or run any programs stored on
the user’s system.
All
applets are subclasses of the
Applet class in the java.applet
package. Applets do not have main() method. All applets must be declared
public. An applet displays information on the screen by using the paint method.
This method is available
in java.awt.Component class.
This method takes
an instance
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5. Compare JDBC and ODBC.
Java Data Base Connectivity (JDBC)
The JDBC
API (Java Data
Base Connectivity Application
Program Interface) can access any
kind of tabular data, especially data stored in a Relational Database.
It works on top of
ODBC (Open Data
Base Connectivity) which was the
driver for database connectivity since
age old days but since
ODBC was implemented
in C so
people from the VB
background had some
problems in understanding
the implementation intricacies. Since
JDBC works on top of ODBC we have something called as a JDBC-ODBC
bridge to access
the database. JDBC
helps you to
write Java applications that
manage
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6. Describe about:
a) Swing
b) JFC
a) Swing
Swing is
the next-generation GUI toolkit that
Sun Microsystems created to enable
enterprise development in
Java. By enterprise development,
we mean that programmers can use Swing to create large-scale
Java applications with a wide
array of powerful components. Swing
components are an
enhancement to the
existing Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) components and are not intended
to replace AWT components. Both
types of components
can be used
in the same interface. Swing
components range from
basic controls such
as buttons, check boxes,
scrollbars, and sliders to complex widgets like text panes and editor panes.
Unlike AWT components,
Swing components are
not implemented by platform-specific code; instead, they are written
entirely in Java and, therefore, are
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SUBJECT CODE & NAME - BCA 4030 - SYSTEM SOFTWARE
1. What is binding time? Write
short on static and dynamic binding.
Binding Times:
Binding time
is the time
at which a
binding is performed.
Thus the type attribute of variable var is
bound to typ when its declaration is processed. The size
attribute of typ is bound to a value sometime prior to this
binding. We are interested in the following binding times:
1. Language Definition time of L
2. Language implementation time of L
3. Compilation time of P
4. Execution init time of proc
5. Execution time of proc.
Where L
is a programming language, P is a program written in L and proc is a procedure
in P. Note that language implementation time
is the time when a language translator is designed. The preceding list
of
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2. What is Language Processor?
Explain the two Language processing activities.
A language processor is a hardware device designed or used to
perform tasks, such as processing program code to machine code. Language
processors are found in languages such as Fortran and COBOL.
Mainly, computer
programming languages are classified
in three categories,
they are, machine
language, assembly language and high level language. Machine language is
machine readable language that is a pattern of bits (binary representation) and
can directly executable by
the CPU (Central
Processing Unit). Assembly language uses
mnemonic codes to
represent the low-level
machine operations. These instructions should be converted into machine
instruction for further processing.
For this, one
of the language
processor called Language translator
is used. Assembler
is the
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3. What is an assembly language?
Explain its basic features. State the advantage and disadvantages of coding in
assembly language.
Assembler is a
program, which translates
Assembly Language Program (ALP) into machine language program
(object program). It places the object program in the secondary memory.
An assembly
language is a
machine dependent, low
level programming language which
is specific to
a certain computer
system ( or a
family of computer systems).
Compared to the
machine language of
a computer system, it provides
three basic features which
simplify programming:
1. Mnemonic
operation codes: Use of mnemonic operation codes (also
called mnemonic opcodes) for machine
instructions eliminates the need to memorize numeric operation codes. It also
enables the assembler to provide helpful diagnostics,
for example indication
of misspell of operation codes.
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4. List and explain the devices which are distinguished and classified by
UNIX/Linux OS and are attached to the computer devices
Classes of Devices
UNIX/Linux OS
distinguishes and classifies devices
that are
attached to the computer devices into
three fundamental device
types.
They are :
(i) Character devices
(ii) Block devices
(iii) Network
interfaces.
The modules developed
as a device driver are usually implemented for one of these types of
devices. Depending upon the device
types, the modulesfor device driver can
be classified as :
(i) a
char module
(ii) a
block module
(iii) a
network module
Although
the modules are programmed and divided into classes, it is the
freedom of programmer
to either build
huge modules implementing different drivers
in a single
chunk of code
or build into
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5. Explain briefly Android Architecture
Libraries.
Android Architecture Libraries
On top
of the kernel
are the libraries.
Android includes a set of
C/C++ libraries written as
modules of code
that are compiled
down to native machine code.
It controls the
device to handle
different kinds of
data efficiently. These libraries
tell the device
how to handle
different kinds of data
and are exposed
to Android developers
via Android application framework. It
provides some of the common
services that are available for applications and various components of the Android system.
It exposes its capabilities through
Android application framework.
Libraries in
Android architecture include
the Surface Manager,
Media Framework, WebKit, SQLite,
OpenGL/ES, FreeType, SGL,
SSL, Libc. These native libraries
run as processes within the underlying
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6. Write the Steps for addressing
UPnP device with proper flowchart.
The Steps for UPnP
device addressing with proper flowchart are as follows:
Step1: Try to obtain an address
via DHCP
First, a UPnP device
must try to get an address from a DHCP server. If the device successfully
acquires an address,
it is ready
to continue with subsequent UPnP phases.
Step2: Failing DHCP, proceed with
Auto-IP
If the UPnP device
fails to acquire an address from a DHCP server, it begins the process of
selecting and testing an IP address.
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PROGRAM – BCA - SEMESTER - 4
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - BCA 4040 - PRINCIPLES OF
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING AND MANAGEMENT
1. What are the elements of
financial statements? Explain, in brief, the recognition criteria of elements
of financial statements.
Elements of Financial Statements
Financial statements
are the end
products of the
accounting process. Financial
statements are prepared and presented for external users. The scope of
financial statements is different in different countries. In India, the
term ‘Financial Statements’
consists of Balance
Sheet, Profit and
Loss Account and the Schedules and Notes forming part thereof. The
Conceptual Framework developed by
the International Accounting
Standards Committee (IASC) defines
the objective of
financial statements as ‘to
provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in
financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in
making economic decisions’.
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2. What is rectification of
errors? List and explain the stages where the errors are deducted for
rectification.
Rectification of errors :
In financial accounting,
every single event occurring in monetary terms is recorded. Sometimes, it just
sohappens that some events are either not recorded or it is recorded in the
wrong head of account or wrongfigure is recorded in the correct head of
account.Whatever the reason may be, there is always a chance of error in the books
of accounts. These errors inaccounting require rectification. The procedure
adopted to rectify errors in financial accounting is called"Rectification
of error"
Rectification of
errors depends on the stage
at which the
errors are detected. There
are mainly two
stages in the
accounting process when errors can be detected:
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3. What are the objectives of
financial management?
Objectives of Financial Management
The firm’s investment
rationale and financing decisions are continuous. It is generally agreed
that the financial
goal of the
firm should be the
maximization of the
owners’ economic welfare.
The owners’ economic welfare can
be maximized by
maximizing the shareholders’
wealth as reflected in
the market value
of shares. Profit
maximization and wealth maximization are two important
aspects.
1. Profit Maximization
Profit
maximization means increasing the rupee income of firms. Pricing of goods is a
very important function and is determined by the type of economy in which
the firm is
functioning. This may be
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4. What is inventory management
and explain the following:
a. Economic Order Quantity
b. Reorder Point
Inventory Management
The term ‘inventory’ refers
to the stockpile of products. Inventory comprises of those
assets which will
be sold off
in the near
future and moneys recovered. Inventory consists of three
types of assets – raw materials, semi -finished goods (work
in progress) and
finished goods. Raw
material inventory consists of
those items which
are purchased by
the firm to be
converted into finished
goods. Work in
progress inventory consists
of partially complete goods,
that is, items
currently being used
in the production process.
Finished goods stock
represent completed products ready to be sold.
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5. Explain different steps
involved in preparation of Fund Flow Statements.
Steps in Preparation of Fund Flow Statement
1. Preparation of schedule changes in working
capital (taking current items only).
2. Preparation of adjusted profit and loss
account (to know fund from [or] fund lost in operations).
3. Preparation
of accounts for
non-current items (Ascertain
the hidden information).
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6. State merits and demerits of
Marginal Costing.
Merits of Marginal Costing
Merits of Marginal
Costing are as follows: -
1. Constant in nature :
Marginal cost remains
the same per unit of output whether there is increase or decrease in
production.
2. Realistic :
It is realistic as
fixed cost is eliminated. Inventory is valued at marginal cost. Therefore, it
is more realistic and uniform. No fictitious profit arises.
3. Simplified overhead Treatment :
There is
no complication of
over-absorption and under-absorption of overheads.
4. Facilitates control :
Classification of cost
as fixed and variable helps to have greater control over costs.
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